Schaefer: Can Sha(E)[5] be arb. large? Yes, but... can't prove it. 0 -> E(Q)/pE(Q) -> H^1(Qbar/Q,E[p]) -> H^1(Qbar/Q,E)[p] -> 0. 0 -> E(Q)/pE(Q) -> S^p(Q,E) -> Sha(E)[p] -> 0. finite finite computable Obstruction: Sha(Q,E) Facts: Because of (alternating) CT pairing, if Sha is finite, then order must be a square. Bolling, Cassels ==> Sha[2], Sha[3] arb. large. Cathy: Rohlrich "Sha[3] arbitrarily large." Look at BSD: (X(5) x X(5)) / Diagonal. 0 -> E(Q)/5E(Q) -> S^5(Q,E) -> Sha(E)[5] -> 0. 0 -> F(Q)/5F(Q) -> S^5(Q,F) -> Sha(F)[5] -> 0. Theorem (Schaefer): #S^{phi'}(Q,E) -------------- = computable, easily. #S^{phi}(Q,E')